Nerve Pain In The Hands And Feet (Peripheral Neuropathy): What Mr Iyengar, The Yoga Doctors And The Research Say

Numb toes, burning soles, hands that tingle or feel clumsy? That is nerve pain in hands and feet, and its medical name is peripheral neuropathy. It is common after diabetes and after chemotherapy, and it can make you feel unsteady on your feet. The good news: yoga has been tested on it, and the results are encouraging. This guide brings together what Mr BKS Iyengar, the medical doctors who worked with him and the research say, for numb, tingling or painful hands and feet from any cause. Last updated: 1 November 2026.

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Can yoga help peripheral neuropathy? The short answer

Yes, yoga helps. In people with diabetic neuropathy, 8 to 12 weeks of yoga went with less nerve pain, better balance, stronger legs and faster walking, and no serious adverse events were noted (a 2026 review of 7 studies). In one trial, yoga three times a week brought pain and the fear of falling down in 8 weeks. After chemotherapy, a yoga trial found people could reach further forward standing, a measure of falls risk, and had fewer numbness and tingling problems day to day. Mindfulness eased the worry and low mood that come with long-lasting nerve pain. The trials are small and short, and several were not randomised. They point the same way: steady, supervised yoga that teaches the hands and feet to feel again.

One thing to keep in mind as you read: every one of these trials tested “yoga” in general, of many styles, taught by teachers with very different training. No trial has yet tested Iyengar yoga for neuropathy, though an Iyengar yoga trial in Sydney improved balance and walking in older people. In our view as certified Iyengar teachers, well-taught Iyengar yoga is likely to go further than the average. Why the kind of yoga matters.

The bottom line: five key moves for nerve pain in the hands and feet

1. Go to a yoga class at your level, two or three times a week, for at least 8 to 12 weeks. That is how long the trials ran. Supervised classes did better than practising alone at home.
2. Stand, and feel the floor. Standing poses with a chair or wall teach numb feet to spread, press and send the brain better information. Stronger legs and steadier balance follow.
3. Wake up the hands too. Poses that take weight through spread hands, against a wall or a chair, ask the fingers to feel and press. The best hand nerve trial we know of is a yoga trial.
4. Add breath work (pranayama). It calms the mind and brings stress, worry and anger down, and long-lasting nerve pain brings plenty of all three. In trials, mindfulness eased anxiety and low mood in people with neuropathy.
5. Start now. New to Flametree, or away 3 months or more? 2 free classes, then 10 at half price, in Darwin or LIVE online.

Iyengar yoga is the style we teach at Flametree. During the 20th century, Mr BKS Iyengar was the major person who codified traditional Indian yoga, through his seminal books and widespread teaching. He also pioneered the use of props, so poses can be adapted to almost any body. His style is sometimes called modern classical yoga. This guide is part of our encyclopaedia of yoga for health conditions, and covers Dr Timothy McCall’s Peripheral Neuropathy (no. 77). For the feet in detail, with five standing poses, read our post Neuropathy In Feet: What Helps Numb Or Burning Feet.

This guide in short

• What it is: peripheral neuropathy in plain words, and the main causes: diabetes, chemotherapy, and nerves pinched in the spine or wrist.
• Mr BKS Iyengar: no neuropathy entry in his books, so we use his nearest ones: diabetes, sciatica, and his teaching on the feet and on sensation.
• Dr Timothy McCall: no neuropathy chapter either, but his diabetes chapter covers nerve changes, feet and his cautions, including his suggestion on shoes.
• Other voices: Geeta S Iyengar on the soles of the feet, Dr Krishna Raman, Chris Lalor, and pain as an alarm system.
• The research: 21 studies, on diabetic neuropathy, numbness after chemotherapy, nerve pain, carpal tunnel, breathing, mindfulness, and feet and falls.
• In class: how we set up standing poses for feet that feel less, and why Iyengar classes are usually barefoot.
• Take it further: a free ebook on strong bones and steady feet, our 2027 masterclasses, and classes in Darwin and online.

“If the feet are tense the whole body will be tense.”

What is peripheral neuropathy, and why does it affect the hands and feet?

In short: the nerves that run out from the spine to the hands and feet are not carrying messages as well as they should, so the hands and feet go numb, tingle, burn or feel weak.

The peripheral nerves are the ones outside the brain and spinal cord. They carry feeling in from the skin and send movement out to the muscles. When they are damaged, people describe it in their own words: tingling in hands and feet, pins and needles, burning feet at night, toes that feel like cotton wool, or hands that drop things. The common causes studied with yoga are:

• Diabetic neuropathy. Nerve damage from high blood sugar over years. A 2026 review says it affects up to half of people with type 2 diabetes. It usually starts in the feet. Our diabetes and blood sugar guide covers the sugar side.
• Chemo neuropathy. Numbness, tingling or pain in the hands and feet after some cancer drugs, known as chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Our breast cancer and recovery guide covers recovery more widely.
• The automatic nerves. Diabetes can also affect the nerves that run heart rate, blood pressure and digestion without you thinking about them (autonomic neuropathy). This can bring light-headedness on standing.
• Pinched nerves. A nerve squeezed in the spine (as in sciatica) or in the wrist (as in carpal tunnel) brings nerve pain too. The cause is different, but some of the yoga is the same.

Whatever the cause, the everyday problem is similar. Hands and feet that tell the brain less make you less sure of your grip and your footing. That is why the yoga that has been studied works on feeling, strength and balance.

“Self knowledge starts from the skin on the soles of the feet when standing.”

What did Mr BKS Iyengar teach that helps with nerve pain?

In short: he did not write about neuropathy as such, but his nearest entries, and his teaching on the feet, sensation and props, give a clear yoga approach.

In Yoga: The Path to Holistic Health, Mr Iyengar sets out a yoga approach for 72 health conditions. Peripheral neuropathy is not one of them, and his books hold no entry on nerve damage from diabetes. So we draw on his nearest material. In our words:

• Diabetes. His course for diabetes is steady and moderate: reclining poses, forward bends, twists and supported inversions (p. 304). We do not publish his sequences. A sequence needs a teacher who can see you and adapt it. More in our diabetes guide.
• Sciatica. He describes compressed, inflamed spinal nerves with sharp, shock-like pain down the leg (p. 357). That is nerve pain from the spine, a neighbour of neuropathy rather than the same thing. See our sciatica guide.
• Tingling and the breath. In his entry on hyperventilation, fast, deep, stress-driven breathing brings dizziness and tingling in the fingers and toes. A different cause, but a real link between the breath and tingling hands and feet.
• Work from the far end. His general method is to work from the far end of the limb towards the problem area (p. 263). For hands and feet, the far end is where the problem starts.
• Props bring the pose to you. Chairs, walls and belts let a person with unsteady feet stand long enough for the feet to learn.
• Sensation is the body speaking. In Light on Life (p. 48, Kindle edition) he tells of a student who felt pins and needles in pranayama and thought she was doing it badly. He told her this kind of sensation is the body speaking, not failing. If you feel something new or strong in class, tell your teacher.
• A base from the feet. In Light on Life (pp. 42 to 46) he teaches even weight on both feet, extra attention to the weaker side, and building the pose up from the feet.

In Light on Yoga, the ailments appendix has no entry for neuropathy either. The nearest are its entries for the ankles (p. 414) and for diabetes (p. 420), both built on standing, seated and other poses that a teacher chooses for the person. We do not reproduce the pose lists.

“The nerves are like the bridge between the body and the mind.”

What does Dr Timothy McCall say about neuropathy?

In short: he has no neuropathy chapter, but in his diabetes chapter he says yoga may help nerve function and foot posture, and he gives cautions for numb feet.

Dr Timothy McCall is a US medical doctor and yoga therapist, author of Yoga as Medicine and former medical editor of Yoga Journal. His June 2019 list of conditions helped by yoga includes Peripheral Neuropathy (no. 77, with 2 references) and Balance Problems (no. 10, with 10 references). Yoga as Medicine has no neuropathy chapter. His points below, in our words, come from his chapter on diabetes (chapter 16).

• The automatic nerves. He says yoga may improve the working of the automatic nerves (the ones that run heart rate, blood pressure and digestion) in people with diabetic neuropathy. He calls this evidence preliminary.
• Better feet. Standing poses improve foot posture and how weight spreads across the foot, which he says can reduce pressure points and foot ulcers. His claim.
• A nerve study from Delhi. He reports that in research from the University College of Medical Sciences in Delhi, with 30 to 40 minutes of yoga poses a day for about 40 days, nerve conduction (how fast messages travel along the nerves) improved in the yoga group, while a walking group got slightly worse. His report; we have not traced the original paper.
• His cautions for neuropathy. Cuts and blisters on numb feet can get worse unnoticed, so keep the practice floor clean, and he suggests wearing shoes in poses where that is tolerable. Take care with balance poses such as Tree, and with poses that may drop blood pressure, since automatic nerve changes can bring light-headedness on standing. He also advises against very hot rooms when diabetes has brought complications. These are his suggestions. How we handle bare feet in class is set out below.
• Hands. His carpal tunnel chapter describes pressure on the median nerve at the wrist, and he notes that carpal tunnel symptoms can come with diabetes. Our carpal tunnel guide has his chapter in full.

“The students have to come in contact with their own feet.”

Other yoga voices on numb hands and feet

In short: Geeta S Iyengar puts attention on the soles of the feet, Chris Lalor calls the feet the foundation, and modern pain science explains why calm, steady movement matters.

• Geeta S Iyengar, the four corners of the foot. Mr Iyengar’s daughter taught pressing down evenly through the four corners of each foot: the base of the big toe, the base of the little toe, and the inner and outer heel. Her teaching is that the floor then presses back, and the rebound travels up through the legs and spine. A teaching idea, known from long practice. Her book Yoga: A Gem for Women has no neuropathy entry.
• Chris Lalor, Certified Senior Iyengar Yoga Teacher and certified Yoga Therapist: “Feet are the foundation for all standing asana.” Every Flametree class starts there.
• Dr Krishna Raman, the Chennai physician who trained with Mr Iyengar, gives a whole chapter of A Matter of Health to the nervous system, setting out the nerves of the brain, the spine and the rest of the body. In his question-and-answer book, he says to find out which type of diabetes a person has first, that exercise helps insulin work better (question 474), and that a teacher checks for diabetes before upside-down poses (questions 326 and 431). We did not find a question on neuropathy itself.
• Pain as an alarm. David Butler and Lorimer Moseley, in Explain Pain, describe pain as the body’s alarm system, and say movement keeps tissues healthy. In our words: calm, steady movement helps turn a jumpy alarm down.
• Balance. Harvard Medical School’s report An Introduction to Yoga lists balance and mobility among the benefits of yoga, calling the evidence preliminary. Our bones and balance guide covers balance in full.
• Dr Loren Fishman and Dr J. T. Shah, the other two medical doctors who worked with Mr Iyengar, have no neuropathy material in the notes we hold. Dr Fishman’s work on sciatica is in our sciatica guide.

“As long as the nerves are strong, stable, and elastic, the mind is stable.”

What does the research show about yoga and peripheral neuropathy?

In short: yoga eased nerve pain and improved balance, leg strength and walking in diabetic neuropathy, improved reach and day-to-day symptoms after chemotherapy, and mindfulness eased the worry and low mood that come with nerve pain. The trials are small (8 to 80 people) and short (8 weeks to 6 months), and several were not randomised. Small studies are still worth having, and they all point the same way. Every one tested yoga in general, of many styles. Why the difference matters.

Diabetic neuropathy

• Yoga went with less neuropathic pain, better balance, stronger legs, faster walking and better quality of life, and no serious adverse events were noted. Vijay 2026, a review of 7 studies (4 randomised trials, 1 non-randomised and 2 single-group studies), 227 people, 8 to 12 weeks of yoga. The authors call the studies small and ask for larger trials. Read the study.
• Yoga improved muscle strength, the sense of where the feet are, pain, concern about falling and quality of life against no exercise. Faridi Dastjerdi 2024, a small pilot of 30 people with type 2 diabetes and neuropathy, 60 minutes three times a week for 8 weeks. The authors describe the design as quasi-experimental. Read the study.
• A yoga programme lowered a marker of stress on the automatic nerves (from heart rate variability) more than an exercise plan, with differences in depression and wellness scores. Kumar 2024, an open-label trial of 80 people aged 35 to 60 with diabetic autonomic neuropathy, 6 months, each group with standard care. The exercise group did better on some nerve conduction tests. This was yoga in general; Iyengar yoga has not been tested against exercise. Read the study.
• A 9-day naturopathy and yoga programme improved weight, blood sugar and insulin resistance, with differences in some nerve measures in the hands. Somisetty 2025, a matched controlled trial of 76 people with early nerve changes from diabetes that had not yet caused symptoms. Combined with naturopathy, not yoga alone. Read the study.
• People who practised yoga regularly had lower diabetic neuropathy scores, and lower blood sugar, blood pressure, anxiety and stress. Guhacharan 2026, a survey of 236 adults with type 2 diabetes (79 practising yoga). This kind of study cannot show yoga caused the difference. Read the study.

Chemo neuropathy: numbness and tingling after chemotherapy

• Reach (how far you can lean forward standing, a measure of falls risk) improved by 7.14 cm with yoga and fell by 1.65 cm in usual care, a clear difference. Day-to-day numbness and tingling problems improved more with yoga too. Bao 2020, a randomised pilot trial of 41 breast and gynaecological cancer survivors with moderate to severe symptoms for at least 3 months, 8 weeks of yoga with breathwork and gentle muscle work. Pain fell by 1.95 points with yoga against 0.65 with usual care, but that difference was not statistically significant. Four mild side effects were reported in the yoga group. Read the study.
• In the same trial, anxiety fell more with yoga by week 12. Zhi 2021, further results from the Bao 2020 trial (the same 41 people, so one trial, not two). Depression, fatigue and sleep did not differ between the groups. Read the study.
• Worst pain and nerve symptoms improved within the yoga group, and fatigue and depression improved more than with usual care. Knoerl 2022, a pilot randomised trial of 44 cancer survivors with long-lasting nerve pain (28 yoga, 16 usual care), 8 weeks, part of it on Zoom. Two thirds came to at least 12 sessions. An early trial. Read the study.
• Nerve symptom scores improved, and fear of falling eased, with no side effects. Galantino 2020, a feasibility pilot of 8 people, weekly yoga and meditation for 8 weeks plus home practice. No comparison group, so it cannot show cause. Read the study.

Most of these survivors had breast cancer. Our breast cancer and recovery guide has the wider yoga research on fatigue, the arm and the shoulder.

Nerve pain more widely, and the hands

• Yoga may be a helpful add-on for diabetic and chemotherapy neuropathy, nerve pain from a slipped disc, Guillain-Barre syndrome (a rare nerve illness) and carpal tunnel. Aruchunan 2024, a narrative review of 16 studies. It also gathers rare reports of nerve harm from some poses, which is one reason a trained teacher adapts poses to the person. Read the study.
• The pooled result of trials favoured yoga for nerve pain, though it did not reach statistical significance; the authors call yoga promising. Bhardwaj 2023, a review of 4 randomised trials, 3 pooled. Read the study.
• Yoga cut nerve pain, back pain and disability against a control group, and the gains were still there at 6 months. Yildirim 2022, a randomised trial of 48 people with nerve pain from a slipped disc in the lower back, one hour twice a week for 12 weeks. A different cause from neuropathy, so we do not stretch it to the hands and feet. Read the study.
• Yoga raised grip strength and cut pain in carpal tunnel syndrome, and wrist signs improved in 12 of the yoga group against 2 of those offered a wrist splint. Garfinkel 1998, a randomised trial of 42 people, twice a week for 8 weeks, led by Marian Garfinkel, a long-time student of Mr Iyengar. The paper describes it as yoga-based. Read the study.

For numb hands at night from carpal tunnel, see our post Numb Hands At Night? Carpal Tunnel Symptoms and the carpal tunnel guide.

Iyengar yoga studies

No trial has yet tested Iyengar yoga for neuropathy. Not yet studied is not the same as not working. The nearest is this trial, which tested Iyengar yoga taught by trained Iyengar teachers, on the balance and leg skills numb feet need.

• Iyengar yoga improved standing balance, standing on one leg with the eyes closed, walking speed and standing up from a chair, against a group given a falls booklet only. Tiedemann 2013, a pilot randomised trial of 54 people in Sydney, average age 68, twice a week for 12 weeks, focused on standing poses. Attendance was 83%, and no serious adverse events occurred. Read the study.

“Right practice of pranayama soothes the nerves and quietens the mind.”

Breathing

No trial of pranayama on its own for numb or painful hands and feet has been done yet. One trial tested slow breathing on the automatic nerves:

• Slow, deep breathing with soothing music improved several heart rate variability measures (a marker of how well the automatic nerves are working); the control group did not change. Xuan 2025, a randomised trial of 60 people with diabetic nerve changes affecting the heart and blood vessels, 3 months, everyone on the same nerve vitamin. This trial was about the automatic nerves, not numb hands or feet. Breathing practice, not pranayama as an Iyengar teacher teaches it. Read the study.

“Breathing practice” in trials covers many things. Pranayama, such as ocean breath (Ujjayi) and staircase breath (Viloma), taught by a trained teacher, is a known standard. Pranayama versus loose breathwork.

Meditation and mindfulness

• Meditation clearly lowered anxiety and depression in long-lasting neuropathy, raised mindfulness, and pain was lower at 1 to 1.5 months. Babos 2024, a review of 10 randomised trials, neuropathy of any cause. Straight after the programmes, pain was lower but not by a statistically significant amount. Read the study.
• Mindfulness and talking therapy programmes improved pain and quality of life in painful diabetic neuropathy, and pain interference and depression were better at follow-up. Bai 2022, a review of 8 randomised trials and 384 people (5 mindfulness, 3 cognitive behavioural therapy). Read the study.
• A 6-week mindfulness programme improved neuropathy symptoms more than usual care at 12 and 26 weeks in breast cancer survivors. Poudel 2026, a randomised trial of 114 survivors. A cancer education programme did as well as mindfulness, and the usual care group was small. Read the study.
• Mindfulness meditation, aerobic exercise and both together improved nerve conduction, symptom scores and quality of life, most of all in the combined group. Weng 2022, a randomised trial of 120 people with type 2 diabetic neuropathy in three groups. Read the study.

Mindfulness in these trials was taught many different ways. In our view, asana and pranayama build the same steady attention, because you cannot do a pose well without it. How mindfulness, pranayama and breathwork overlap.

Feet, toes and falls

• Weaker toes, stiffer ankles, less feeling in the soles and more foot pain went with falls in the following year. Menz 2006, 176 people with an average age of 80 in an Australian retirement village. Not a yoga study. Read the study.
• A supervised foot-strengthening class raised toe strength by up to 36% and improved balance on one leg; a home programme did not. Mickle 2016, 85 people aged 60 to 90, 12 weeks. Not a yoga study, but it shows supervised foot work pays. Read the study.

“One should learn to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy pain.”

How does a Flametree class work with numb hands and feet?

Everything above points the same way, and it is how we teach in Darwin and online. For peripheral neuropathy, this is where we start: feel the floor, build the legs, finish calm.

• Standing poses, every class, beside a chair or wall, so you can hold the pose long enough for the feet to learn without worrying about falling.
• Bare feet. Iyengar classes are usually done barefoot, so the soles can spread and feel the floor, and so the teacher can see what your feet are doing. Dr McCall suggests shoes may suit some poses for people with numb feet. If your feet are numb, tell your teacher, and they will adapt how you practise. Have a look at your feet after class too.
• Hands that take weight. Hands spread on a wall, a chair or the floor, adjusted so the weight spreads across the whole hand.
• Care with balance and standing up. Balance poses with support, and coming up slowly from lying or bending, which suits anyone who feels light-headed on standing.
• Calm, every class: every class ends in rest, and our pranayama classes go further. Long-lasting nerve pain is tiring, and calm helps.
• Classes adapted to the people in them. No one-size-fits-all. Tell your teacher about neuropathy, diabetes or recent chemotherapy, so they can set up your poses.
• Gentle and restorative classes: our gentle yoga and restorative yoga classes are a good place to start.

Read more on nerve pain, feet and balance

• Neuropathy in feet: what helps numb or burning feet, and the gentle yoga studied for it, with five standing poses
• Numb hands at night? Carpal tunnel symptoms, and what a yoga trial found
• Foot pain: why your feet hurt, and the yoga that builds strong, steady feet
• How to improve balance and our falls studies page
• Yoga for type 2 diabetes: what the research says, and how to start safely
• Vagus nerve exercises: the slow-breathing practices we teach
• Related guides: diabetes and blood sugar, breast cancer and recovery, bones and balance, carpal tunnel, wrist and hand pain, sciatica and circulation and cold hands and feet

Take it further

• Classes, in Darwin or LIVE online: new, or away 3 months or more? 2 free classes, then 10 at half price. Already practising yoga? See the non-beginner half price pass. See every class time.
• Masterclasses: our 2027 Sunday Arvo Masterclasses with Chris Lalor, Certified Senior Iyengar Yoga Teacher and certified Yoga Therapist, run from January to April. None is on neuropathy as such, but the standing work for strong legs and steady feet, and the calming pranayama, run through them. Come for the poses, the sequences and the breath that put this into action.
• Retreats: a week of daily yoga and pranayama in Bali. See the retreats.

Other conditions are in our encyclopaedia of yoga for health conditions.

Peripheral neuropathy and yoga: questions people ask

What is peripheral neuropathy, and why can it affect both the hands and the feet?

Peripheral neuropathy is damage to the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, the ones that carry feeling in from the skin and movement out to the muscles. Those nerves reach right out to the hands and feet, so that is where people notice it: numbness, tingling, burning or weakness. Diabetes and chemotherapy are the two causes most studied with yoga. It usually shows up in the feet first.

What did the yoga trials find for chemo neuropathy?

In a randomised pilot of 41 cancer survivors with numbness, tingling or pain after chemotherapy, 8 weeks of yoga improved reach, a measure of falls risk, by about 7 cm while usual care got slightly worse, and day-to-day nerve symptoms improved more with yoga. Pain fell more with yoga too, but that difference was not statistically significant. Anxiety also fell more with yoga. Two smaller pilots found nerve symptoms improved within the yoga groups.

Can I do standing balance poses when I cannot feel my feet well?

Yes, with support. We set up standing and balance poses beside a chair or wall, so you can hold them long enough for the feet to learn without worrying about falling. In a trial of people with diabetic neuropathy, yoga reduced the fear of falling, and an Iyengar yoga trial in Sydney improved balance and walking speed in older people. Tell your teacher your feet feel less, so they can set you up.

Should I wear socks or shoes in a yoga class if my feet are numb?

Dr Timothy McCall suggests people with numb feet consider wearing shoes in poses where that is tolerable, and keep the practice floor clean, because cuts and blisters can go unnoticed. That is his suggestion. Iyengar classes are usually done barefoot, so the soles can spread and feel the floor and the teacher can see the feet. If your feet are numb, tell your teacher, and they will adapt how you practise. Check your feet after class.

Does slow breathing or mindfulness help nerve pain?

Mindfulness helps with what comes with nerve pain. A review of 10 trials found meditation clearly lowered anxiety and depression in people with long-lasting neuropathy, and pain was lower a month or so later. A review of 8 trials in painful diabetic neuropathy found mindfulness and talking therapy improved pain and quality of life. Slow breathing improved the automatic nerves to the heart in one trial. No trial has yet tested pranayama alone for numb hands or feet.

How is numbness from carpal tunnel different from peripheral neuropathy?

Carpal tunnel is one nerve, the median nerve, squeezed where it passes through the wrist, so the numbness is mostly in the thumb side of the hand and often at night. Peripheral neuropathy usually affects many nerves, often both feet first and later the hands. In a 1998 trial of 42 people, yoga raised grip strength and cut pain in carpal tunnel syndrome. Our carpal tunnel guide has the detail.

Is a hot yoga room a good idea with neuropathy?

Dr Timothy McCall advises against very hot rooms, such as heated yoga classes, when diabetes has brought complications, and to take care with poses that may drop blood pressure, since nerve changes can bring light-headedness on standing. That is his caution. Tell your teacher about any light-headedness, and come up slowly from lying or bending.

Did Mr Iyengar or Dr McCall write about neuropathy?

Neither has a neuropathy chapter. Mr Iyengar’s Yoga: The Path to Holistic Health has no entry on it, so this guide uses his nearest entries, diabetes and sciatica, and his teaching on the feet and on sensation. Dr McCall lists Peripheral Neuropathy as no. 77 on his 2019 list of conditions helped by yoga, and his diabetes chapter covers nerve changes, the feet and his cautions.

Where this comes from: BKS Iyengar, Yoga: The Path to Holistic Health (Dorling Kindersley), diabetes, p. 304, sciatica, p. 357, hyperventilation, and p. 263; Light on Yoga, Appendix II, ankles, p. 414, and diabetes, p. 420; Light on Life (Kindle edition), pp. 42 to 48; Yoga Wisdom and Practice; Astadala Yogamala; Iyengar: His Life and Work. Geeta S Iyengar, Yoga: A Gem for Women, and classes in Sydney, 1996 and 2003. Judith Hanson Lasater in Iyengar: The Yoga Master. Timothy McCall MD, Yoga as Medicine (Bantam, 2007), chapters 13 and 16, and his June 2019 list of health conditions helped by yoga. Krishna Raman MD, A Matter of Health, the nervous system chapter, and Krishna Raman MD and S. Suresh MD, Yoga and Medical Science: FAQ, questions 326, 431 and 474. David Butler and Lorimer Moseley, Explain Pain. Harvard Medical School, An Introduction to Yoga. Chris Lalor and the Flametree ebook Strong Bones, Steady Feet. Studies as linked above, checked on PubMed. Everything else is summarised in our own words.

This page is general information, not medical advice. Flametree Yoga Studio, Darwin and LIVE online.